Nigeria, a country known for its abundant water resources, is paradoxically facing issues of water scarcity and inadequate access to safe drinking water. Despite being home to numerous rivers and substantial groundwater reserves, the majority of the Nigerian population lacks access to clean drinking water. Only 19% of the population has access to safe drinking water, with significant disparities between urban and rural areas. In cities, 82% of the population has a basic water supply, whereas in rural areas, only 54% do.
Wealth disparities further exacerbate the problem, as 80% of wealthy Nigerians have access to a basic water supply compared to just 48% of the poor. This lack of accessible and reliable drinking water, coupled with poor sanitation and hygiene, results in significant economic costs for Nigeria. It is estimated that these issues cost the country approximately USD$1.3 billion annually, including expenses related to access time, premature deaths, lost productivity, and healthcare costs.
The underlying cause of this water crisis in a country with abundant water resources is attributed to “economic water scarcity.” This refers to the inadequate management, utilization, and protection of water resources for socioeconomic development and environmental sustainability. Nigeria faces numerous challenges in terms of regulations, laws, and institutions related to water resource management. These shortcomings hinder the country’s ability to provide water that meets the standards set by the World Health Organization, leading to reports of potentially toxic concentrations of metals in Nigeria’s drinking water.
Furthermore, Nigeria’s approach to water resource management has been primarily focused on physical infrastructure and has neglected broader perspectives. The lack of engagement with water users and insufficient involvement of local communities in planning and maintenance have resulted in the collapse of infrastructure in many areas. Insufficient coordination between federal, state, and local government agencies further compounds the problem.
To address these challenges, Nigeria can learn from the example of South Africa, which has implemented comprehensive water legislation. The South African National Water Act recognizes the rights of both humans and the environment, ensuring access to a minimum amount and quality of water for domestic activities, hygiene, and ecosystem maintenance. The Act also emphasizes stakeholder involvement in the water sector. Similarly, European countries have implemented frameworks that prioritize broader stakeholder engagement in water resource management, such as the European Commission Water Framework Directive.
Pollution is another significant contributor to water scarcity in Nigeria. Rivers and streams are frequently used as dumping sites for waste, and stormwater in cities carries pollutants that contaminate water resources. This pollution has led to elevated levels of toxic chemicals, including metals and pesticides, in Nigeria’s water sources. Underground water is also at risk of pollution from waste dump sites, posing a significant health hazard.
IMPACT OF WATER SCARCITY ON PUBLIC HEALTH
The consequences of poor water quality are severe, affecting public health, the economy, and the environment. Waterborne diseases like typhoid fever, diarrhea, and dysentery are prevalent due to contaminated water, leading to loss of life and significant economic burdens. In the Niger Delta region, oil exploration activities have caused contamination, resulting in declining fish harvests and loss of biodiversity, disproportionately impacting the poor.
To address these challenges, Nigeria must adopt a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to water management. This includes involving a wider range of stakeholders and incorporating interdisciplinary knowledge and expertise from various sectors. Developing a robust water management system requires flexible, adaptive, and accountable institutions that consider scientific, policy, and practical aspects.
Collaboration between federal, state, and local governments is essential for updating and strengthening regulations concerning water quality. Establishing a water quality monitoring network and a comprehensive database would facilitate the collection and analysis of physical, chemical, biological, and ecological information. Public awareness campaigns highlighting the value of water and encouraging public participation in water supply schemes are crucial for long-term sustainability and maintenance of water infrastructure.
By implementing these measures, Nigeria can begin to address its water scarcity and conservation challenges. Engaging a wider range of stakeholders, including local communities, NGOs, and experts from various sectors, will ensure that diverse perspectives are considered in water management decisions. This collaborative approach will foster innovative solutions and effective implementation strategies.
Additionally, Nigeria should invest in capacity building and knowledge sharing initiatives to enhance the skills and expertise of water management professionals. This will enable them to adopt a more holistic and multidisciplinary approach, considering social, economic, and environmental factors in their decision-making processes.
RECOMMENDED POLICY ACTION
Improving regulatory frameworks is paramount. The government should work closely with relevant agencies to update existing laws and regulations pertaining to water quality, enforcement mechanisms, and penalties for polluters. Stricter controls and monitoring systems are necessary to prevent further contamination of water sources and to hold responsible parties accountable for their actions.
The establishment of a comprehensive water quality monitoring network and database is crucial for effective water resource management. This system should include regular monitoring of water sources, analysis of samples for contaminants, and the dissemination of information to relevant stakeholders. By having accurate and up-to-date data, authorities can make informed decisions, implement targeted interventions, and track progress towards improving water quality.
Public awareness campaigns play a vital role in fostering a culture of water conservation and highlighting the value of this precious resource. Through educational programs, media campaigns, and community outreach initiatives, Nigerians can be informed about the importance of responsible water usage, hygiene practices, and the detrimental effects of pollution. This will encourage behavioral changes and collective action towards sustainable water management.
Furthermore, it is crucial to invest in infrastructure development and maintenance while involving local communities in the planning and implementation processes. This approach ensures that the needs and perspectives of water users are considered, and infrastructure projects are tailored to meet their specific requirements. Community participation will also foster a sense of ownership and responsibility, leading to better maintenance and longevity of water infrastructure.
International cooperation and knowledge exchange can provide valuable insights and best practices for Nigeria. Partnering with countries that have successfully addressed water scarcity and conservation challenges can offer valuable lessons and technical assistance. Learning from their experiences, Nigeria can adapt and implement strategies that are suitable for its unique circumstances.
FINAL NOTE
In conclusion, tackling water scarcity and poor conservation efforts in Nigeria requires a comprehensive and integrated approach. By engaging stakeholders, strengthening regulatory frameworks, implementing robust monitoring systems, raising public awareness, involving local communities, and seeking international cooperation, Nigeria can pave the way for sustainable water management. With concerted efforts and a commitment to change, Nigeria can ensure access to safe and clean water for all its citizens, protecting public health, supporting economic development, and preserving its precious water resources for future generations.